A. Andersson. Tight worst-case bounds on the dictionary problem.

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An improved worst-case bound on the dictionary problem in a comparison-based model of computation is presented. Dictionary operation can be performed at a worst-case cost of O(log n), using only ceiling(log (n + 1) epsilon) comparisons, where epsilon is an arbitrary positive constant. We feel that this fact leads to a deeper understanding of of this well-studied and fundamental problem.

We also give two applications. First, we improve the upper bound on on-line sorting: for each value of delta, delta > 0, there is a worst-case efficient on-line sorting algorithm using less than sum_{n=1 to N} ceiling (log n) + delta N + log N comparisons when sorting N elements. By worst-case efficient on-line we mean that the worst-case cost of adding an element is Theta(log n), n is the number of elements added so far. Second, we show how to maintain a binary search tree with an optimal height of exactly ceiling(log(n+1)) at an amortized cost of log^2 n per insertion.

Preprint (postscript)
Preprint (pdf)